THE MING DYNASTY, 1368-1644
which represented the revival of Chinese civilization with a new idea of a classical civilization
with a very large population, vast resources, a most advanced technology and skilled engineers and great laborers as well as a very efficient bureaucracy and a well educated elite by the examination system.
THE QING (CHING) DYNASTY, 1644-1911
the last dynasty to be established in Chinese history
founded by non-Chinese emperors, north Asian steppe people from Manchuria
Manchus came over to rid Beijing in 1644 from a rebel to help the Ming and this they did after which they did not leave but declared their own mandate of heaven.
Though viewed as foreign by both the contemporary Mings and later western historical discourses, it was the Manchus that actually established the borders of China in its greatest territorial form (today these are the borders of China)
The growth of agriculture and continuous favorable balance of trade (export of luxury items in exchange for cash, gold and silver)
The Trading System: the Canton/Cohong system (only designated companies the cohongs, could trade with the Europeans, in only designated areas, the cantons.
BUT end of the 18th century brought population increase which meant that the peasant population began to go hungry and China began to experience rebellion which marked Chinese history form then on. These first were peasant rebellions against the landed aristocracy, of the size rarely seen in world history.
The peasant revolutions as of the 1770s and the encroachment of foreign commercial interest as of the 1820s turned this China of immense population into crisis. This is the age of free trade which meant colonization of Asia by the west. The British found something to sell – or rather smuggle to China, opium produced in India. The East India Company retains monopoly over opium trade with China. This sale results in a serious outflow of silver which increases the economic burden of the peasants. Therefore, Emperor Daoguang sends the imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to Canton to stop the opium trade.
Opium Wars (1842-Nanking Treaty and 1858) defeat of China and China opened up to western interests. Free trade instead of the canton/cohong system, much like the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1838 (Baltalimanı).
Sino-Japanese War 1895, another major defeat: China no longer the most powerful state in East Asia. After 1895, Chinese intellectuals turn radical, questioning their imperial system. They urge the reform movements which led to the 1898 reforms – the 100 days reform movement until Empress Cixi consolidates power and ends the reforms. She doesn’t only end the reforms but also executes many of the intellectuals.
The remaining intellectuals take refuge in Japan: hence the influence of Japanese intellectuals
In 1912 a nationalist revolt overthrew the Manchu dynasty. Sun Yat Sen was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the Father of Modern China.
Then a series of great political upheavals in China between 1911 and 1949 which eventually led to the Communist Party rule and the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
Monday, May 10, 2010
Nationalism-Selim Deringil lectures
Official Nationalism: “An anticipatory strategy adopted by dominant groups who are threatened with marginalization or exclusion from an emerging nationally imagined community”.
----Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities p 95.
Paradoxes of Nationalism:
1/ Objective modernity vs. Subjective antiquity.
2/ Claimed universality of nationalism.
3/ Political power of nationalism vs. philosophical/theoretical poverty.
4/ The “nation” as a cultural construct.
5/ Actually linked to the rise of capitalism.
Invented Tradition:
“ ‘Invented tradition’ is taken to mean a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms or behaviour by repetition which automatically implies continuity with the past. In fact, where possible, they normally attempt to establish continuity with a suitable historic past.”
Eric Hobsbawm, “Inventing Traditions” p 1.
The Ottoman Empire as a part of World Developments.
The Tanzimat Edict of 1839.
1/ The result of foreign pressure or domestic forces?
i)The idea of “equality for all subjects of the empire”
ii) Quarantee of Life, Honour and Property.
iii) Just taxation
iv) Defined period of military service.
2/ The idea of the “rule of law”. Şeriat meaning both religious and secular law.
The Reform Edict of 1856.
1/ Much more openly foreign intervention. Immediately after the Treaty of Paris of 1856. Price paid for the inclusion of the Ottoman Empire in the “European Concert of Nations”. Deals almost exclusively with rights and privileges of non-Muslims. Foreign pressure: good or bad?
The issue of “equality” in the world at the time of the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict of 1839.
1/ In Britain Roman Catholics could not be elected to Parliament untill 1829.
2/ Russia still had serfdom. Serfdom abolished in Russia in 1861.
3/ The United States fought a civil war over the issue of slavery in the 1860’s.
The World of Revolutions . What Lenin called “the combustible material of world politics”.
1/ The Russian Revolution of 1905.
2/ Young Turk Revolution of 1908.
3/ Iranian Revolution 1906
4/Chinese Revolution 1911.
5/ Mexican Revolution under Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919)
----Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities p 95.
Paradoxes of Nationalism:
1/ Objective modernity vs. Subjective antiquity.
2/ Claimed universality of nationalism.
3/ Political power of nationalism vs. philosophical/theoretical poverty.
4/ The “nation” as a cultural construct.
5/ Actually linked to the rise of capitalism.
Invented Tradition:
“ ‘Invented tradition’ is taken to mean a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms or behaviour by repetition which automatically implies continuity with the past. In fact, where possible, they normally attempt to establish continuity with a suitable historic past.”
Eric Hobsbawm, “Inventing Traditions” p 1.
The Ottoman Empire as a part of World Developments.
The Tanzimat Edict of 1839.
1/ The result of foreign pressure or domestic forces?
i)The idea of “equality for all subjects of the empire”
ii) Quarantee of Life, Honour and Property.
iii) Just taxation
iv) Defined period of military service.
2/ The idea of the “rule of law”. Şeriat meaning both religious and secular law.
The Reform Edict of 1856.
1/ Much more openly foreign intervention. Immediately after the Treaty of Paris of 1856. Price paid for the inclusion of the Ottoman Empire in the “European Concert of Nations”. Deals almost exclusively with rights and privileges of non-Muslims. Foreign pressure: good or bad?
The issue of “equality” in the world at the time of the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict of 1839.
1/ In Britain Roman Catholics could not be elected to Parliament untill 1829.
2/ Russia still had serfdom. Serfdom abolished in Russia in 1861.
3/ The United States fought a civil war over the issue of slavery in the 1860’s.
The World of Revolutions . What Lenin called “the combustible material of world politics”.
1/ The Russian Revolution of 1905.
2/ Young Turk Revolution of 1908.
3/ Iranian Revolution 1906
4/Chinese Revolution 1911.
5/ Mexican Revolution under Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919)
Monday, May 3, 2010
OBJECTION
HIST 106 Midterm exam objection will be held on Wednesday (May 5) at Cultural Heritage Museum (50 meters down the Female Dorm at South Campus), 17.00.
Wednesday, April 21, 2010
MIDTERM EXAM RESULTS
NUMBER TOTAL
2008209087 71
2007100040 57
2007100961 28
2008207057 54
2008208015 70
2008208102 83
2008209081 67
2008110117 60
2008301324 32
2007300085 0
2008208120 72
2008207099 102
2008208135 86
2007101096 33
2007200124 62
2008210006 88
2004101570 62
2007102401 99
2004103070 0
2009302198 98
2009205024 0
2008110015 78
2008208084 33
2008207003 42
8682458 0
2008107060 27
2007101924 87
2009209099 0
2007100487 48
2008209060 90
2004102104 0
2008110072 36
2008208063 63
2009207081 42
2008207111 101
2007104201 50
2006103085 54
2009207171 67
2007101774 86
2007102851 0
2008110075 92
2005200069 0
2007103376 70
2007101474 54
2008207081 80
2008110018 74
8906453 0
2008208129 78
2008209015 66
2008207039 96
2008207114 80
2008110147 68
2004100046 0
2007101021 90
2008110105 61
2008208060 74
2009209153 78
2008209126 0
2008302225 16
2007200324 25
2008209075 78
2004104489 51
2000101834 0
2008208045 82
2008302204 64
2008208000 28
2008207075 50
2004102221 21
2008208069 51
2005100934 86
9311109 0
2008302216 74
2008302258 93
2007100334 64
2008110060 72
2007101297 34
2008302039 52
2006104525 70
2007104129 0
2008110030 60
2008207090 55
2008207060 69
2008209105 0
2008110129 90
2008208105 95
2008207042 92
2009208030 91
2009690441 50
2008207138 81
2007101939 36
2008209036 68
2009208039 80
2009208126 86
2009302195 79
2008302057 84
2008207069 75
2007103025 38
2009302087 101
2004101069 0
2008110000 45
2008209042 76
2005102866 0
2007101834 103
2008207063 65
2005101954 12
2008302162 87
2008302240 81
2008207120 64
2008502141 43
2007103430 38
2009208024 90
2007104306 0
2008208072 54
2008301213 85
2007100703 62
2008208024 61
2008207036 54
2008207048 74
2008207051 79
2008208057 52
2007101126 70
2007101933 48
2008208054 68
2007300004 90
2008207054 69
2008209069 43
2008209090 22
2008209054 81
2008208087 43
2008207129 87
2005100718 0
2008209123 37
2008208111 58
2009680697 98
2008209117 75
2008209114 89
2006104747 79
2007100457 43
2007103214 82
9900223 0
2003200087 0
2009660369 82
2007103208 82
2008110078 48
9900442 0
2008208093 51
2006103478 0
2008302069 65
2009207075 51
2008209024 80
2005100553 58
2008110042 47
2008209063 49
2008110135 70
2008502171 53
2008207093 78
2007100475 45
2009209081 75
2006100934 70
2005101975 72
2008207012 69
2008110141 19
2008302090 57
2006000097 0
2008207045 43
2008209045 41
2008301207 32
2008208108 68
2008110003 28
2008302018 77
2009302141 98
2009302279 104
2007100694 49
2008207078 70
2008302255 22
2008302042 80
2008302036 95
2008207132 95
2008208048 74
2009302135 92
2008208042 79
2006101270 79
2006102416 54
2008110093 58
2009302261 66
2009302291 84
2008207033 89
2008207102 0
2008208006 38
2007102233 84
2005100427 15
2003101072 85
2006101120 38
2008207027 93
2008209027 87
2008207105 69
2008110066 73
2008110096 69
2008207084 40
2000102413 0
2008207126 80
2007102389 32
2008208009 57
2008207135 58
2008208126 58
2005100139 43
2007103841 45
2008208027 57
2009302267 99
2006104495 27
2008302144 56
2007101171 72
2008208003 71
2003102932 0
2008302066 97
2009208141 70
2009690522 0
2008207009 59
2005101789 97
2009208090 80
2008209078 91
2007104075 0
2003104423 25
2008207066 77
2002101714 0
2005102905 0
2008205006 26
2008302237 95
2009302297 96
2008110024 52
2009302009 102
2008209129 56
2008302120 73
2005000113 37
2008207108 55
2008302075 73
2006100940 49
2009207096 85
2009302282 12
2008207018 57
2005103286 0
2007103853 49
2007103142 43
2006100730 0
2008110087 60
2004100727 92
2006102083 53
2006102602 59
2008208018 75
2009208018 64
2007100544 0
2007100085 0
2008302174 83
2006103235 52
2007101504 80
2008110120 65
2005101318 62
2008209030 87
2009302231 78
2008209093 42
2008209120 62
2008209000 27
2009302300 87
2008209156 0
2008302138 64
2008207006 75
2007101705 33
2008110048 30
2008208132 48
2007100958 79
2007101408 73
2008208099 77
2008208066 59
2005103241 0
2008208039 60
2008207123 59
2009660492 98
2006105077 61
2008207024 94
2007101642 21
2004101936 16
2008302222 69
2009302150 90
2008209132 30
2009201030 0
2007101099 62
2008110090 50
2008208141 68
2007103394 31
9500730 0
2008302126 81
2008209099 104
2008207030 88
2009208051 94
Average:56.4
2008209087 71
2007100040 57
2007100961 28
2008207057 54
2008208015 70
2008208102 83
2008209081 67
2008110117 60
2008301324 32
2007300085 0
2008208120 72
2008207099 102
2008208135 86
2007101096 33
2007200124 62
2008210006 88
2004101570 62
2007102401 99
2004103070 0
2009302198 98
2009205024 0
2008110015 78
2008208084 33
2008207003 42
8682458 0
2008107060 27
2007101924 87
2009209099 0
2007100487 48
2008209060 90
2004102104 0
2008110072 36
2008208063 63
2009207081 42
2008207111 101
2007104201 50
2006103085 54
2009207171 67
2007101774 86
2007102851 0
2008110075 92
2005200069 0
2007103376 70
2007101474 54
2008207081 80
2008110018 74
8906453 0
2008208129 78
2008209015 66
2008207039 96
2008207114 80
2008110147 68
2004100046 0
2007101021 90
2008110105 61
2008208060 74
2009209153 78
2008209126 0
2008302225 16
2007200324 25
2008209075 78
2004104489 51
2000101834 0
2008208045 82
2008302204 64
2008208000 28
2008207075 50
2004102221 21
2008208069 51
2005100934 86
9311109 0
2008302216 74
2008302258 93
2007100334 64
2008110060 72
2007101297 34
2008302039 52
2006104525 70
2007104129 0
2008110030 60
2008207090 55
2008207060 69
2008209105 0
2008110129 90
2008208105 95
2008207042 92
2009208030 91
2009690441 50
2008207138 81
2007101939 36
2008209036 68
2009208039 80
2009208126 86
2009302195 79
2008302057 84
2008207069 75
2007103025 38
2009302087 101
2004101069 0
2008110000 45
2008209042 76
2005102866 0
2007101834 103
2008207063 65
2005101954 12
2008302162 87
2008302240 81
2008207120 64
2008502141 43
2007103430 38
2009208024 90
2007104306 0
2008208072 54
2008301213 85
2007100703 62
2008208024 61
2008207036 54
2008207048 74
2008207051 79
2008208057 52
2007101126 70
2007101933 48
2008208054 68
2007300004 90
2008207054 69
2008209069 43
2008209090 22
2008209054 81
2008208087 43
2008207129 87
2005100718 0
2008209123 37
2008208111 58
2009680697 98
2008209117 75
2008209114 89
2006104747 79
2007100457 43
2007103214 82
9900223 0
2003200087 0
2009660369 82
2007103208 82
2008110078 48
9900442 0
2008208093 51
2006103478 0
2008302069 65
2009207075 51
2008209024 80
2005100553 58
2008110042 47
2008209063 49
2008110135 70
2008502171 53
2008207093 78
2007100475 45
2009209081 75
2006100934 70
2005101975 72
2008207012 69
2008110141 19
2008302090 57
2006000097 0
2008207045 43
2008209045 41
2008301207 32
2008208108 68
2008110003 28
2008302018 77
2009302141 98
2009302279 104
2007100694 49
2008207078 70
2008302255 22
2008302042 80
2008302036 95
2008207132 95
2008208048 74
2009302135 92
2008208042 79
2006101270 79
2006102416 54
2008110093 58
2009302261 66
2009302291 84
2008207033 89
2008207102 0
2008208006 38
2007102233 84
2005100427 15
2003101072 85
2006101120 38
2008207027 93
2008209027 87
2008207105 69
2008110066 73
2008110096 69
2008207084 40
2000102413 0
2008207126 80
2007102389 32
2008208009 57
2008207135 58
2008208126 58
2005100139 43
2007103841 45
2008208027 57
2009302267 99
2006104495 27
2008302144 56
2007101171 72
2008208003 71
2003102932 0
2008302066 97
2009208141 70
2009690522 0
2008207009 59
2005101789 97
2009208090 80
2008209078 91
2007104075 0
2003104423 25
2008207066 77
2002101714 0
2005102905 0
2008205006 26
2008302237 95
2009302297 96
2008110024 52
2009302009 102
2008209129 56
2008302120 73
2005000113 37
2008207108 55
2008302075 73
2006100940 49
2009207096 85
2009302282 12
2008207018 57
2005103286 0
2007103853 49
2007103142 43
2006100730 0
2008110087 60
2004100727 92
2006102083 53
2006102602 59
2008208018 75
2009208018 64
2007100544 0
2007100085 0
2008302174 83
2006103235 52
2007101504 80
2008110120 65
2005101318 62
2008209030 87
2009302231 78
2008209093 42
2008209120 62
2008209000 27
2009302300 87
2008209156 0
2008302138 64
2008207006 75
2007101705 33
2008110048 30
2008208132 48
2007100958 79
2007101408 73
2008208099 77
2008208066 59
2005103241 0
2008208039 60
2008207123 59
2009660492 98
2006105077 61
2008207024 94
2007101642 21
2004101936 16
2008302222 69
2009302150 90
2008209132 30
2009201030 0
2007101099 62
2008110090 50
2008208141 68
2007103394 31
9500730 0
2008302126 81
2008209099 104
2008207030 88
2009208051 94
Average:56.4
Sunday, April 18, 2010
MIDTERM MAKE UP
HIST 106 midterm makeup will be held tomorrow (April 20 Tuesday), at TB 415, 13.00 o'clock. You must have medical reports in order to be able to take the exam.
Sunday, April 11, 2010
MIDTERM EXAM PLACES
HIST 106 Midterm exam will be held at 12 April 2010, 17.00. Exam places are as follows:
ADALI-DOKMECIER: NH 101
DONMEZ-GUZELOGLU: NH 102
HAPPANI-KONYA: NH 103
KOSTOJCINOSKI-OZGUMUSTAS: NH 104
OZKECECI-YUKSEL: NH 105
ADALI-DOKMECIER: NH 101
DONMEZ-GUZELOGLU: NH 102
HAPPANI-KONYA: NH 103
KOSTOJCINOSKI-OZGUMUSTAS: NH 104
OZKECECI-YUKSEL: NH 105
Saturday, April 10, 2010
AGE OF CAPITALISM (ALL LECTURES OUTLINE)
Origins of Capitalism
Capitalism, as a social system, where production is organised for exchange in the market for profit.
The novelty of this form of social organisation, historically specific.
Different accounts of the rise of capitalism
Commercialisation model: assumes rational individuals, markets as arenas of opportunity, associates capitalism with cities, continuity in history, bourgeois as the agent of change.
Critiques of the commercialisation model
Karl Polanyi: from markets to the market society
The rise of the market society in historically specific conditions and the necessary intervention of the state
The transition from feudalism to capitalism
England
France
The dynamics of agrarian relations: the agrarian origins of capitalism.
Mercantilism and Free Trade
Mercantilism as economic nationalism, protectionism
Rise of the absolutist states in Britain and France, and mercantilist policies
Colonialism and mercantilism
Adam Smith and laissez faire
The idea of a natural order: the invisible hand, division of labour
English industrialisation and free trade policies
The Industrial Revolution
Technological development is the result, not the cause
Agricultural origins
Creation of markets in land, labour and goods
English industrialisation:
the role of enclosures for the creation of a market in labour power, dispossession of peasants, emergence of a gentry and a class of wage labourers, the role of the Tudor monarchy, creation of a home market
The factory system
The family firm
Continental industrialisation as a reaction to English industrialisation
Latecomers
Protectionism
The role of railway construction
German industrialisation
Imperialism (1875-1914)
Imperialism and capitalism
Imperialism and industrialisation
The distribution or redistribution of the world as colonies among half a dozen European states
(land grab)
Economic motives
White settler communities
Raw materials
Markets
Protectionism
The fusion of economic and political motives
Impact on the colonized world
Impact on the metropolitan countries
The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie
Democratisation of politics at the turn of the 20th century
Expansion of the electorate
Participation of the poor and the unprivileged to politics
Rise of mass working class parties
Trade unions
Suburban lifestyle as symbolic of the waning of middle class influence on politics
The link between the bourgeoisie and puritan values broken: spending as important as earning, the birth of the leisure class, tourism, sports
Changing structures of the bourgeois family
Who is middle class?
lifestyle and culture, leisurely activities and education as class markers
The growth and insecurity of the lower middle classes
Radical right in politics
Imperialism, war and nationalism
Capitalism, as a social system, where production is organised for exchange in the market for profit.
The novelty of this form of social organisation, historically specific.
Different accounts of the rise of capitalism
Commercialisation model: assumes rational individuals, markets as arenas of opportunity, associates capitalism with cities, continuity in history, bourgeois as the agent of change.
Critiques of the commercialisation model
Karl Polanyi: from markets to the market society
The rise of the market society in historically specific conditions and the necessary intervention of the state
The transition from feudalism to capitalism
England
France
The dynamics of agrarian relations: the agrarian origins of capitalism.
Mercantilism and Free Trade
Mercantilism as economic nationalism, protectionism
Rise of the absolutist states in Britain and France, and mercantilist policies
Colonialism and mercantilism
Adam Smith and laissez faire
The idea of a natural order: the invisible hand, division of labour
English industrialisation and free trade policies
The Industrial Revolution
Technological development is the result, not the cause
Agricultural origins
Creation of markets in land, labour and goods
English industrialisation:
the role of enclosures for the creation of a market in labour power, dispossession of peasants, emergence of a gentry and a class of wage labourers, the role of the Tudor monarchy, creation of a home market
The factory system
The family firm
Continental industrialisation as a reaction to English industrialisation
Latecomers
Protectionism
The role of railway construction
German industrialisation
Imperialism (1875-1914)
Imperialism and capitalism
Imperialism and industrialisation
The distribution or redistribution of the world as colonies among half a dozen European states
(land grab)
Economic motives
White settler communities
Raw materials
Markets
Protectionism
The fusion of economic and political motives
Impact on the colonized world
Impact on the metropolitan countries
The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie
Democratisation of politics at the turn of the 20th century
Expansion of the electorate
Participation of the poor and the unprivileged to politics
Rise of mass working class parties
Trade unions
Suburban lifestyle as symbolic of the waning of middle class influence on politics
The link between the bourgeoisie and puritan values broken: spending as important as earning, the birth of the leisure class, tourism, sports
Changing structures of the bourgeois family
Who is middle class?
lifestyle and culture, leisurely activities and education as class markers
The growth and insecurity of the lower middle classes
Radical right in politics
Imperialism, war and nationalism
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