HIST 106 Midterm exam will be held at 12 April 2010, 17.00. Exam places are as follows:
ADALI-DOKMECIER: NH 101
DONMEZ-GUZELOGLU: NH 102
HAPPANI-KONYA: NH 103
KOSTOJCINOSKI-OZGUMUSTAS: NH 104
OZKECECI-YUKSEL: NH 105
Sunday, April 11, 2010
Saturday, April 10, 2010
AGE OF CAPITALISM (ALL LECTURES OUTLINE)
Origins of Capitalism
Capitalism, as a social system, where production is organised for exchange in the market for profit.
The novelty of this form of social organisation, historically specific.
Different accounts of the rise of capitalism
Commercialisation model: assumes rational individuals, markets as arenas of opportunity, associates capitalism with cities, continuity in history, bourgeois as the agent of change.
Critiques of the commercialisation model
Karl Polanyi: from markets to the market society
The rise of the market society in historically specific conditions and the necessary intervention of the state
The transition from feudalism to capitalism
England
France
The dynamics of agrarian relations: the agrarian origins of capitalism.
Mercantilism and Free Trade
Mercantilism as economic nationalism, protectionism
Rise of the absolutist states in Britain and France, and mercantilist policies
Colonialism and mercantilism
Adam Smith and laissez faire
The idea of a natural order: the invisible hand, division of labour
English industrialisation and free trade policies
The Industrial Revolution
Technological development is the result, not the cause
Agricultural origins
Creation of markets in land, labour and goods
English industrialisation:
the role of enclosures for the creation of a market in labour power, dispossession of peasants, emergence of a gentry and a class of wage labourers, the role of the Tudor monarchy, creation of a home market
The factory system
The family firm
Continental industrialisation as a reaction to English industrialisation
Latecomers
Protectionism
The role of railway construction
German industrialisation
Imperialism (1875-1914)
Imperialism and capitalism
Imperialism and industrialisation
The distribution or redistribution of the world as colonies among half a dozen European states
(land grab)
Economic motives
White settler communities
Raw materials
Markets
Protectionism
The fusion of economic and political motives
Impact on the colonized world
Impact on the metropolitan countries
The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie
Democratisation of politics at the turn of the 20th century
Expansion of the electorate
Participation of the poor and the unprivileged to politics
Rise of mass working class parties
Trade unions
Suburban lifestyle as symbolic of the waning of middle class influence on politics
The link between the bourgeoisie and puritan values broken: spending as important as earning, the birth of the leisure class, tourism, sports
Changing structures of the bourgeois family
Who is middle class?
lifestyle and culture, leisurely activities and education as class markers
The growth and insecurity of the lower middle classes
Radical right in politics
Imperialism, war and nationalism
Capitalism, as a social system, where production is organised for exchange in the market for profit.
The novelty of this form of social organisation, historically specific.
Different accounts of the rise of capitalism
Commercialisation model: assumes rational individuals, markets as arenas of opportunity, associates capitalism with cities, continuity in history, bourgeois as the agent of change.
Critiques of the commercialisation model
Karl Polanyi: from markets to the market society
The rise of the market society in historically specific conditions and the necessary intervention of the state
The transition from feudalism to capitalism
England
France
The dynamics of agrarian relations: the agrarian origins of capitalism.
Mercantilism and Free Trade
Mercantilism as economic nationalism, protectionism
Rise of the absolutist states in Britain and France, and mercantilist policies
Colonialism and mercantilism
Adam Smith and laissez faire
The idea of a natural order: the invisible hand, division of labour
English industrialisation and free trade policies
The Industrial Revolution
Technological development is the result, not the cause
Agricultural origins
Creation of markets in land, labour and goods
English industrialisation:
the role of enclosures for the creation of a market in labour power, dispossession of peasants, emergence of a gentry and a class of wage labourers, the role of the Tudor monarchy, creation of a home market
The factory system
The family firm
Continental industrialisation as a reaction to English industrialisation
Latecomers
Protectionism
The role of railway construction
German industrialisation
Imperialism (1875-1914)
Imperialism and capitalism
Imperialism and industrialisation
The distribution or redistribution of the world as colonies among half a dozen European states
(land grab)
Economic motives
White settler communities
Raw materials
Markets
Protectionism
The fusion of economic and political motives
Impact on the colonized world
Impact on the metropolitan countries
The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie
Democratisation of politics at the turn of the 20th century
Expansion of the electorate
Participation of the poor and the unprivileged to politics
Rise of mass working class parties
Trade unions
Suburban lifestyle as symbolic of the waning of middle class influence on politics
The link between the bourgeoisie and puritan values broken: spending as important as earning, the birth of the leisure class, tourism, sports
Changing structures of the bourgeois family
Who is middle class?
lifestyle and culture, leisurely activities and education as class markers
The growth and insecurity of the lower middle classes
Radical right in politics
Imperialism, war and nationalism
Friday, April 9, 2010
FRENCH REVOLUTION
French Revolution is also an Enlightenment practice, but there is a mismatch between ideals of the Enlightenment and social realities of 1780s.
Social structure of France, 3 orders: 1. Nobility 2. Clergy 3. The Rest/Third Estate/Tiers Etat. Each had only one vote in the Parliament.
Third Estate dominated by the bourgeosie, ambitious to be recognized as equal to the others, unconcerned with the case of large masses.
First phase of the revolution, 1789-1792, king remains in his place, bourgeois phase.
Second phase, 1792-1794, is the radical phase, led by the Jacobins under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre. King executed, new calendar, Christianity prohibited, the cult of the Supreme Being.
Increasing strength of Napoleon Bonaparte in France, finally declaring himself as emperor.
DANTON
Social structure of France, 3 orders: 1. Nobility 2. Clergy 3. The Rest/Third Estate/Tiers Etat. Each had only one vote in the Parliament.
Third Estate dominated by the bourgeosie, ambitious to be recognized as equal to the others, unconcerned with the case of large masses.
First phase of the revolution, 1789-1792, king remains in his place, bourgeois phase.
Second phase, 1792-1794, is the radical phase, led by the Jacobins under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre. King executed, new calendar, Christianity prohibited, the cult of the Supreme Being.
Increasing strength of Napoleon Bonaparte in France, finally declaring himself as emperor.
DANTON
AMERICAN REVOLUTION: AN ENLIGHTENMENT EXPERIMENT
1. The Political Philosophy of the Enlightenment: The Glorious
Revolution, John Locke, and the theory of balanced government
2. Rational Claims for Self-Rule: The Declaration of Independence
3. The Machinery of American Democracy: A rational system of checks and balances
The abortive Articles of Confederation
The U.S. Constitution: A balance no longer between estates, but between types and sources of power
Vertical: Federal, state, county, and municipal
Horizontal: Executive, legislative, and judicial
Bill of Rights: Balance between government and individual;
Freedom “from” and the freedom “to”
4. Classical Foundations of Republican Virtue
“L’enfant’s District of Columbia
Revolutionary heroes as Roman senators
5. Republicanism to Liberalism: Tocqueville in Jacksonian America
Nature and capitalism in the new American West
6. Testing the Limits of Independence: The War for the Union and the Definition of American Democracy.
John Adams, the second president of the USA
Revolution, John Locke, and the theory of balanced government
2. Rational Claims for Self-Rule: The Declaration of Independence
3. The Machinery of American Democracy: A rational system of checks and balances
The abortive Articles of Confederation
The U.S. Constitution: A balance no longer between estates, but between types and sources of power
Vertical: Federal, state, county, and municipal
Horizontal: Executive, legislative, and judicial
Bill of Rights: Balance between government and individual;
Freedom “from” and the freedom “to”
4. Classical Foundations of Republican Virtue
“L’enfant’s District of Columbia
Revolutionary heroes as Roman senators
5. Republicanism to Liberalism: Tocqueville in Jacksonian America
Nature and capitalism in the new American West
6. Testing the Limits of Independence: The War for the Union and the Definition of American Democracy.
John Adams, the second president of the USA
ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment can be considered as an outcome of Scientific Revolution.
The idea that human reason can alleviate the social conditions gave way to the obsession of the Enlightenment thinkers on the ideal form of government.
Political despotism and religious dogmatism challenged.
John Locke: Two Treatises on Government, legitimation of the English constitutional monarchy.
Montesquieu, the principle of division of powers: legislative, executive, judicial
Voltaire, "enlightened despotism", society ruled by a king who is attached to the principles of Enlightenment and advised by a group of philosophers.
Rousseau, Social Contract,
Encyclopedia, supervised by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, claimed to encompass information on all branches on knowledge, systematically classified. Knowledge ceased to be acquired through an intermediary such as a priest.
The idea that human reason can alleviate the social conditions gave way to the obsession of the Enlightenment thinkers on the ideal form of government.
Political despotism and religious dogmatism challenged.
John Locke: Two Treatises on Government, legitimation of the English constitutional monarchy.
Montesquieu, the principle of division of powers: legislative, executive, judicial
Voltaire, "enlightened despotism", society ruled by a king who is attached to the principles of Enlightenment and advised by a group of philosophers.
Rousseau, Social Contract,
Encyclopedia, supervised by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, claimed to encompass information on all branches on knowledge, systematically classified. Knowledge ceased to be acquired through an intermediary such as a priest.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
16th and 17th centuries
1. The term scientific revolution - itself not even used before the 1930s- was coined by historians when the academic world believed and relied on the existence of a coherent and catalysmic event that irrevocably and fundamentally changed what people knew about the natural world. This was seen as the moment at which the world was made modern. Historians called it the most profound achievement of the human mind. As such it outshone everything since the rise of Christianity and that Renaisssance and reformation were nothing compared to it.
2. The idea of revolution first in science and then in political life came after the Enlightenment as the people of the 18th century believed that they were doing something very radical about the ancien regime.
3. Today: a diverse array of cultural practices aimed at understanding, explaining, and controlling the natural environment. The continuity of the medieval past and natural philosophy together with no practice of a universal science method is more and more accepted. So instead we need to look at the aspects of the changes in knowledge about the natural world and changes in means in securing that knowledge.
4. From Copernicus’s new astronomy in the 16th century to Newton in the 17th century. The stages of this are:
mechanization of nature, using mechanical metaphors to explain nature
separating experiencing nature from viewing what nature is really like: depersonalization of knowledge about nature
formulating rules of method to take out human emotion – objevtivity
assuming that this reformed knowledge of nature is benign, powerful and disinterested so that it can be used in social and political life as well.
PRACTITIONERS
Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory (sun-centered astronomy)
Tycho Brahe and his sister Sophia: mid-16th to 17th century, movement of planets around the sun
Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630, Planetary motion and optics
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642, telescope
Descartes, 1596-1650, ‘I think therefore I am’
Isaac Newton, 1642-1727, gravity
1. The term scientific revolution - itself not even used before the 1930s- was coined by historians when the academic world believed and relied on the existence of a coherent and catalysmic event that irrevocably and fundamentally changed what people knew about the natural world. This was seen as the moment at which the world was made modern. Historians called it the most profound achievement of the human mind. As such it outshone everything since the rise of Christianity and that Renaisssance and reformation were nothing compared to it.
2. The idea of revolution first in science and then in political life came after the Enlightenment as the people of the 18th century believed that they were doing something very radical about the ancien regime.
3. Today: a diverse array of cultural practices aimed at understanding, explaining, and controlling the natural environment. The continuity of the medieval past and natural philosophy together with no practice of a universal science method is more and more accepted. So instead we need to look at the aspects of the changes in knowledge about the natural world and changes in means in securing that knowledge.
4. From Copernicus’s new astronomy in the 16th century to Newton in the 17th century. The stages of this are:
mechanization of nature, using mechanical metaphors to explain nature
separating experiencing nature from viewing what nature is really like: depersonalization of knowledge about nature
formulating rules of method to take out human emotion – objevtivity
assuming that this reformed knowledge of nature is benign, powerful and disinterested so that it can be used in social and political life as well.
PRACTITIONERS
Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory (sun-centered astronomy)
Tycho Brahe and his sister Sophia: mid-16th to 17th century, movement of planets around the sun
Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630, Planetary motion and optics
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642, telescope
Descartes, 1596-1650, ‘I think therefore I am’
Isaac Newton, 1642-1727, gravity
Monday, April 5, 2010
Absolutism and beyond: France and English Revolution
The struggle of the European kings to centralize their political control.
Remnants of feudal political system, nobility enjoying a semi-autonomous status, therefore resisting any attempts toward centralization.
The age of Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)
First cooperation then manipulation and control of the aristocracy.
Sale of offices, creation of a new type of aristocracy totally faithful to Louis.
The old aristocracy kept under surveillence by Louis in Versailles.
Representation of the king as a semi-divine ruler through paintings that depicted him as Apollo or a Roman emperor.
L'Etat, c'est moi (I am the state).
The English kings failed in their struggle toward absolutism.
Stuarts were staunchly resisted by the Parliament, which finally managed to establish constitutional monarchy.
Glorious Revolution 1688.
Louis as a child
Louis and his family
Louis mocked by a comic strip
Versailles
Remnants of feudal political system, nobility enjoying a semi-autonomous status, therefore resisting any attempts toward centralization.
The age of Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)
First cooperation then manipulation and control of the aristocracy.
Sale of offices, creation of a new type of aristocracy totally faithful to Louis.
The old aristocracy kept under surveillence by Louis in Versailles.
Representation of the king as a semi-divine ruler through paintings that depicted him as Apollo or a Roman emperor.
L'Etat, c'est moi (I am the state).
The English kings failed in their struggle toward absolutism.
Stuarts were staunchly resisted by the Parliament, which finally managed to establish constitutional monarchy.
Glorious Revolution 1688.
Louis as a child
Louis and his family
Louis mocked by a comic strip
Versailles
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